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Legal Research: Primary and Secondary Sources

A helpful guide to assist Faculty and Students in conducting legal research.

Primary versus Secondary Legal Sources

Primary Legal Sources consist of Federal and State statutes, regulations and court opinions. For the most part you should rely on Primary Legal Sources when writing a legal memo or trying to answer an important legal question. Secondary sources consist of interpretations or abridged versions of Primary Sources. Common Secondary Legal Sources are dictionaries, encyclopedias, treatises, law review articles and Westlaw and LexisNexis case notes. Secondary Legal Sources serve two purposes, they can assist you in locating primary sources, they might be relied upon if there is no primary source to consult. An example of this would be a novel legal question which cannot be answered by current law or court opinion. In most situations however you should only rely upon Primary Sources.

Examples of Primary Legal Sources for Pennsylvania

  • Pennsylvania Statutes (Laws)
    • Ex: Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes, Annotated. (REF 348.743 P415)
  • Pennsylvania Regulations
    • Ex Pennsylvania Code. (Westlaw)
  • Pennsylvania Court Cases
    • Ex Pennsylvania Reporter. (REF 348.744 P415 VOL.830-831)

Examples of Secondary Legal Sources For Pennsylvania

  • Encyclopedias
    • Summary of Pennsylvania Jurisprudence 2d. (Westlaw)
  • Treatises
    • Pennsylvania Medicaid : Long-Term. (REF 344.748 P415 2020)
  • Law Review Articles
    • Penn State Law Review (NexisUni, Westlaw)

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